BACKGROUND
In 1993 and 1995, Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization signed the Oslo Accords as part of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process toward a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. With the Oslo Accords, the Palestinian Authority was established as the formally recognized Palestinian government, while Israel committed to the eventual disengagement from the Occupied Territories (the West Bank and the Gaza Strip). In 1995, a Jewish extremist assassinated Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin. The peace negotiations continued, however; in 2000, Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak, Palestinian Authority leader Yasser Arafat, and Bill Clinton met at the Camp David Summit.
The Camp David Summit was a colossal failure, with both sides blaming the other. Ehud Barak offered Arafat 92 percent of the West Bank, 100 percent of the Gaza Strip, and land swaps to make up for the remaining 8 percent of the West Bank, the most generous Israeli offer to date (or since). Even more shockingly, Barak offered Arafat East Jerusalem, which was completely unheard of, including sovereignty over half of the Old City and “custodianship” of Temple Mount (the holiest site in Judaism and the third holiest site in Islam). Additionally, he offered Arafat the right of return of Palestinian refugees to the Palestinian Territories. Arafat not only rejected the offer, but he did not come up with a counteroffer.
Barak later stated, “He did not negotiate in good faith; indeed, he did not negotiate at all. He just kept saying no to every offer, never making any counterproposals of his own.” Meanwhile, Clinton told Arafat, “You are leading your people and the region to a catastrophe.”
CAUSES
There are two “origin stories” for the Second Intifada (also known as the Al-Aqsa Intifada). According to the Palestinian narrative, the Intifada was the result of Israeli right wing politician (and later prime minister) Ariel Sharon’s visit to Temple Mount in September of 2000, which they saw as a “provocation.” Two things of note (1) Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism; however, Israeli Jews are often not allowed to visit due to the political situation; (2) Ariel Sharon’s visit was coordinated with the Palestinian Authority; in other words, the Palestinian Authority itself authorized the visit.
The Israeli origin story is much different — and has also been backed by most geopolitical experts. According to Israel, Arafat pre-planned the Intifada during the Camp David Summit. This was confirmed by Arafat’s own wife in 2012 and important people in the Palestinian government, including the Palestinian communications minister. According to Arafat’s wife, “Immediately after the failure of the Camp David [negotiations], I met him in Paris upon his return.... Camp David had failed, and he said to me, 'You should remain in Paris.' I asked him why, and he said, 'Because I am going to start an intifada. They want me to betray the Palestinian cause. They want me to give up on our principles, and I will not do so.’”
In 2001, the Sharm el-Sheikh Fact-Finding Committee issued the Mitchell Report, which concluded: “The Sharon visit did not cause the ‘Al-Aqsa Intifada.’ But it was poorly timed and the provocative effect should have been foreseen; indeed it was foreseen by those who urged that the visit be prohibited.”
TACTICS
Palestinians used a variety of tactics during the Second Intifada, including stabbings, drive by shootings, missiles, hand grenades, land mines, car bombs, and, most notably, 141 suicide bombings between 2000-2005.
The overwhelming majority of suicide bombings targeted crowded civilian spaces, including restaurants, hotels, malls, markets, public transportation, and more. It’s important to note that specifically targeting civilian spaces is a war crime under the Geneva Convention. Some of the Palestinian suicide bombers were children and pregnant women. The youngest attempted suicide bomber was 14, but he was disarmed by soldiers before causing any harm. Oftentimes, the bombers would put nails in the explosives to cause as much damage as possible.
The largest suicide bombing during the Second Intifada was the Passover Massacre of March 2002, when a Palestinian suicide bomber detonated at the Park Hotel in Netanya, killing 30 and injuring 140. Hamas claimed responsibility for the attack.
The Palestinian groups perpetrating the violence included Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, and the al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades.
DEATH TOLL
Over 1000 Israelis were brutally massacred during the Second Intifada, 80% of them civilians. Among the dead were elderly Holocaust survivors, infants only a few days old, pregnant women, tourists, foreign workers, young children, students, and Israelis of all religious backgrounds and ethnicities (Arabs, Jews, Druze, etc). Virtually every Israeli family — Jewish or not — was touched in one way or another by the Second Intifada. Please see my “INTIFADA” highlight for a list of every single civilian killed by Palestinian terrorists during the Second Intifada.
According to Palestinian sources, around 2700 Palestinians were killed in the Intifada. There is controversy over the civilian vs combatant breakdown of Palestinian deaths. However, it’s estimated that one-third to half of the dead were civilians. Of the ~2700 Palestinian casualties, Israel assigned some 2,124 to various terrorist factions, including Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and Fatah. Additionally, some 600 Palestinians were killed at the hands of other Palestinians, often due to suspicion of collaboration with Israel.
AFTERMATH
In response to the Second Intifada, the Israeli government built a “wall” between Israel and the West Bank (90-95% of the barrier is actually a fence). However, it’s worth noting that 85% of the barrier is within the West Bank, with only 15% following the Green Line. While the barrier has isolated about 9% of Palestinians from the rest of the West Bank, both Israeli AND Palestinian experts have concluded that the barrier did radically stop the wave of suicide bombings of the Second Intifada.
In response to the violence, the Israeli public moved radically to the political right for the first time since the 1980s, as far as security issues are concerned. This swing to the right remains to this day. Because of the Intifada, Israelis and Palestinians became more polarized than ever; whereas before there was plenty of day-to-day interaction between Israelis and Palestinians, today, most Israelis and Palestinians have never met each other. Because Fatah, the political party leading the Palestinian Authority, was heavily involved in the Second Intifada, the mistrust between Israelis and the Palestinian Authority drastically worsened. Most Israelis no longer consider the Palestinian Authority a viable partner for a peaceful solution to the conflict, particularly because to this day, the Palestinian Authority pays stipends to the families of Palestinians killed, injured, or imprisoned while carrying violent attacks against Israelis (this program is known as the “Palestinian Authority Martyrs Fund,” also called the “pay for slay” program).
In 2005, Israel unilaterally withdrew from the Gaza Strip (in other words, Israel no longer occupies the Strip, though it maintains control over the borders, airspace, and waters). About a month after Israel left the Gaza Strip, Hamas began shooting missiles into Israeli territory.
Yasser Arafat died in November of 2004, which led to escalating tensions between Fatah and Hamas. After the Israeli unilateral withdrawal from Gaza in 2005, parliamentary elections were held in Gaza for the first time since 1996 (and the last time up until today). Hamas easily won the majority of seats. In 2007, a civil war broke out in Gaza between Fatah and Hamas, during which officials on both sides were thrown off of buildings. Ultimately Hamas took full control of the Strip and exiled all remaining Fatah officials.
After the Battle of Gaza and Hamas’ full takeover of the Strip, both Israel and Egypt enacted a military blockade on the Gaza Strip, which has come at a devastating humanitarian cost to the Gazan population.
There is absolutely no question that the Second Intifada drastically worsened the quality of life and level of autonomy of the Palestinian people.
LIST OF CIVILIAN CASUALTIES OF PALESTINIAN TERRORISM DURING THE SECOND INTIFADA
Yosef (Yossi) Shok (35), Daniel Golani (45), Alexandra Garmitzky (65), Haim Amram (26), Keinan Tsuami (20), Elia Rosen (38), Michael Koifman (68), Perahiya Makhlouf (53), Sabiha Nissim (66), Jamil Mohammed Ka'adan (48), Ya'akov Rahmani (68), Genia Poleis (66), Larissa Grishchenko (39), Katy David (27), Matat (Rosenfeld) Adler (21), Kineret Mandel (23), Oz Ben-Meir (15), Sasson Nuriel (55), Rachel Kol (53), Dov Kol (58), Dana Galkowicz (22), Rachel Ben Abu (16), Nofar Horowitz (16), Julia Voloshin (31), Anya Lifshitz (50), Avihai Levy (17), Aviad Mansour (16), Yevgeny Reider (28), Yael Orbach (28), Yitzhak (Itzik) Buzaglo (40), Aryeh (Arik) Nagar (37), Ronen Reuvenov (30), Odelia Hubara (26), Oded Sharon (36), Alaya-Haya (Ella) Abukasis (17), Ibrahim Kahili (46), Ofer Tiri (23), Dror Gizri (30), Ivan Shmilov (53), Munam Abu Sabia (33), Herzl Shlomo (51), Gideon Rivlin (50), Nissim Arbiv (25), Salem (Sami) al-Kimlat (28), Ariella Fahima (39), Tatiana Ackerman (32), Shmuel Levy (65), Leah Levine (64), Assaf Greenwald (27), Hafez al-Hafi (39), Rotem Moriah (27), Tzila Niv (43), Gilad Niv (11), Lior Niv (3), Oleg Paizakov (32), Ludmilla Paizakov (30), Khalil Zeitounya (10), Michal Alexander (27), Roy Avisaf (28), Einat Naor (27), Shlomit Batito (36), Yuval Abebeh (4), Dorit (Mesarat) Benisian (2), Tiferet Tratner (24), Shoshana Amos (64), Aviel Atash (3), Vitaly Brodsky (52), Tamara Dibrashvilli (70), Raisa Forer (55), Larisa Gomanenko (48), Denise Hadad (50), Tatiana Kortchenko (49), Rosita Lehman (45), Karine Malka (23), Nargiz Ostrovsky (54), Maria Sokolov (57), Roman Sokolovsky (53), Tiroayent Takala (33), Eliyahu Uzan (58), Emmanuel Yosef (Yosefov) (28), Shlomo Miller (50), Victor Kreiderman (49), Moshe Yohai (63), Mordechai Yosepov (49), Afik Zahavi (4), Tali Hatuel (34, eight months pregnant), Hila Hatuel (11), Hadar Hatuel (9), Roni Hatuel (7), Merav Hatuel (2), Yaakov (Kobi) Zagha (40), George Khoury (20), Avraham Avraham (33), Gil Abutbul (38), Zion Dahan (30), Mazal Marciano (30), Ophir Damri (31), Moshe Hendler (29), Pinhas Zilberman (45), Avi Suissa (56), Maurice Tubul (30), Danny Assulin (51), Eitan Kukoi (30), Rima Novikov Kukoi (25), Ilan Avisidris (41), Lior Azulai (18), Yaffa Ben-Shimol (57), Rahamim Doga (38), Yehuda Haim (48), Yuval Ozana (32), Benayahu Zuckerman (18), Avraham (Albert) Balhasan (28), Rose Boneh (39), Hava Hannah (Anya) Bonder (38), Anat Darom (23), Viorel Octavian Florescu (42), Natalia Gamril (53), Yechezkel Isser Goldberg (41), Baruch (Roman) Hondiashvili (38), Dana Itach (24), Mehbere Kifile (35), Eli Zfira (48), Gal Shapira (29), Ro'i Arbel (29), Adva Tzippora Fisher (19), Ruth Almog (70), Moshe Almog (43), Tomer Almog (9), Assaf Staier (11), Brurua Zer-Aviv (59), Bezalel Zer-Aviv (30), Keren Zer-Aviv (29), Liran Zer-Aviv (4), Noya Zer-Aviv (1), Nir Regev (25), Zvi Bahat (35), Mark Biano (29), Naomi Biano (25), Hana Francis (39), Sharbal Matar (23), Mutanus Karkabi (31), Osama Najar (28), Irena Sofrin (38), Lydia Zilberstein (56), George Matar (58), Eyal Yeberbaum (27), Shaked Avraham (7 months), Dr. David Applebaum (51), Nava Applebaum (20), David Shimon Avizadris (51), Shafik Kerem (27), Alon Mizrahi (22), Gila Moshe (40), Yehiel (Emil) Tubol (52), Shalom Har-Melekh (25), Avraham Bar-Or (12), Binyamin Bergman (15), Yaakov Binder (50), Feiga Dushinski (50), Miriam Eisenstein (20), Lilach Kardi (22, eight months pregnant), Menachem Leibel (24), Elisheva Meshulami (16), Tehilla Nathanson (3), Chava Nechama Rechnitzer (19), Mordechai Reinitz (49), Issachar Reinitz (9), Maria Antonia Reslas (39), Liba Schwartz (54), Hanoch Segal (65), Goldie Taubenfeld (43), Shmuel Taubenfeld (3 months), Rabbi Eliezer Weisfish (42), Shmuel Wilner (50), Shmuel Zargari (11 months), Fruma Rahel Weitz (73), Mordechai Laufer (27), Tova Lev (37), Erez Hershkovitz (18), Amatzia Nisanevitch (22), Yehezkel (Hezi) Yekutieli (43), Haviv Dadon (16), Amir Simhon (24), Mazal Afari (65), Amos (Amit) Mantin (31), Zvi Goldstein (47), Avner Mordechai (58), Noam Liebowitz (7), Avner Maimon (51), Alan Beer (46), Eugenia Berman (50), Elsa Cohen (70), Zvi Cohen (39), Roi Eliraz (22), Alexander Kazaris (77), Yaffa Mualem (65), Yaniv Obayed (22), Bat-El Ohana (21), Anna Orgal (55), Zippora Pesahovitch (54), Bianca Rivka Shichrur (62), Malka Sultan (67), Bertin Tita (75), Miriam Levy (74), Haile Abraha Hawki (56), David Shambik (23), Moran Menachem (17), Avi Zerihan (36), Hassan Ismail Tawatha (41), Kiryl Shremko (22), Nelly Perov (55), Olga Brenner (52), Roni Yisraeli (34), Yitzhak Moyal (64), Ghalab Tawil (42), Marina Tsahivershvili (44), Shimon Ustinsky (68), Gadi Levy (31), Dina Levy (37), Zion David (53), Gideon Lichterman (27), Tali Weinberg (26), Ran Baron (24), Dominique Caroline Hass (29), Yanai Weiss (46), Alexander Kostyuk (23), Zachar Rahamim Hanukayev (39), Ahmad Salah Kara (20), Gabriel (Gabi) Pedatzur (49), Zion Boshirian (51), Rabbi Eli Horowitz (52), Dina Horowitz (50), Miriam Atar (27), Anatoly Biryakov (20), Smadar Firstatter (17), Daniel Harush (16), Motti Hershko (41), Tom Hershko (16), Meital Katav (20), Elizabeth (Liz) Katzman (17), Tal Kehrmann (17), Kmer Abu Khamed (12), Avigail Lietel (14), Yuval Mendelevitch (13), Be'eri Ovad (21), Moran Shushan (20), Mark Takash (54), Asaf Tzur (16), Netanel Ozeri (34), Eli Biton (48), Mordechai Evioni (52), Moshe (Maurice) Aharfi (60), Igor Zobokov (32), Lilya Zibstein (33), Amiram Zmora (55), Meir Haim (74), Boris Tepalshvili (51), Sapira Shoshana Yulzari-Yaffe (46), Ramin Nasibov (25), Ilanit Peled (32), Andrei Friedman (30), Avi Kotzer (43), Viktor Shebayev (62), Ion (Nelu) Nicolae (34), Mihai Sabau (38), Li Peizhong (41), Steven Arthur Cromwell (43), Krassimir Mitkov Angelov (32), Ivan Gaptoniak (46), Guo Aiping (47), Zhang Minmin (50), Massoud Makhluf Alon (73), Gavriel Hoter (17), Zvi Zieman (18), Rabbi Yithak Arama (40), Noy Anter (12), Dvir Anter (14), Albert (Avraham) de Havila (60), David Peretz (48), Haim Amar (56), Shaul Zilberstein (36), Ehud (Yehuda) Avitan (54), Mordechai Avraham (54), Ya'acov Lary (35), Hodaya Asraf (13), Marina Bazarski (46), Hadassah (Yelena) Ben-David (32), Kira Perlman (67), Ilan Perlman (8), Yafit Ravivo (14), Ella Sharshevsky (44), Michael Sharshevsky (16), Sima Novak (56), Mircea Varga (25), Dikla Zino (22), Esther Galia (48), Yitzhak Buanish (46), Alexander Zwitman (26), Alexander Dohan (33), Revital Ohayon (34), Matan Ohayon (5), Noam Ohayon (4), Yitzhak Dori (44), Tirza Damari (42), Assaf Tzfira (18), Amos Sa'ada (52), Julio Pedro Magram (51), Gaston Perpinal (15), Orna Eshel (53), Hadas Turgeman (14), Linoy Saroussi (14), Ofra Burger (56), Iris Lavi (68), Suad Jaber (23), Indelou Ashati (54), Anat Shimshon (33), Osnat Abramov (16), Sergei Shavchuk (35), Sa'ada Aharon (71), Oded Wolk (51), Shlomo Yithak Shapira (48), Shoshana (Rosanna) Siso (63), Ofer Zinger (29), Solomon Hoenig (79), Yossi Mamistavlov (39), Yaffa Shemtov (49), Jonathan (Yoni) Jesner (19), Yosef Ajami (36), David Buhbut (67), Yafit Herenstein (31), Avi Wolanski (29), Avital Wolanski (27), Mordechai Yehuda Friedman (24), Sari Goldstein (21), Maysoun Amin Hassan (19), Marlene Miriam Menahem (22), Adelina Kononen (37), Rebecca Roga (40), Amitai Yekutiel (34), Nizal Awassat (52), Shani Ladani (27), David (Diego) Ladowski (29), Levina Shapira (53), Marla Bennett (24), Benjamin Blutstein (25), Dina Carter (37), Janis Ruth Coulter (36), David Gritz (24), Daphna Spruch (61), Revital Barashi (30), Shlomo Odesser (60), Mordechai Odesser (52), Rabbi Yosef Dikstein (45), Hannah Dikstein (42), Shuv'el Zion Dikstein (9), Rabbi Elimelech Shapira (43), Adrian Andres (30), Xu Hengyong (25), Boris Shamis (25), Li Bin (33), Dmitri Pundikov (33), Yonatan Gamliel (16), Keren Kashani (29), Ilana Siton (41), Galila Ades (43), Zilpa Kashi (67), Gal Shilon (32), Yocheved Ben-Hanan (21), Sarah Tiferet Shilon (11 months), premature Weinberg infant, Yosef Twito (31), Rachel Shabo (40), Neria Shabo (16), Avishai Shabo (5), Zvika Shabo (14), Gila Sara Kessler (19), Shmuel Yerushalmi (17), Michal Franklin (22), Noa Alon (60), Hadassah Jungreis (20), Tatiana Igelski (43), Gal Eisenman (5), Boaz Aluf (54), Shani Avi-Zedek (15), Leah Baruch (59), Mendel Bereson (72), Raphael Berger (28), Michal Biazi (24), Tatiana Braslavsky (41), Galila Bugala (11), Raisa Dikstein (67), Dr. Moshe Gottlieb (70), Baruch Gruani (60), Orit Hayla (21), Helena Ivan 63, Iman Kabha (26), Shiri Negari (21), Gila Nakav (55), Yelena Plagov (42), Liat Yagen (24) Rahamim Zidkiyahu (51), Hadar Hershkowitz (14), Yael Sorek (24, nine months pregnant), Zion Agmon (50), Adi Dahan (17), Shimon Timsit (35), Eliyahu Timsit (32), Albert Maloul (50), Netanel Riachi (17), Gilad Stiglitz (14) and Avraham Siton (17), Ruth Peled (56), Sinai Keinan (14 months), Elmar Dezhabrielov (16), Gary Tauzniasky (65), Arkady Vieselman (39), Victor Tatrinov (62), Yosef Haviv (70), Nisan Dolinger (43), Pnina Hikri (60), Sharuk Rassan (42), Shoshana Magmari (51), Anat Temporush (36), Haim Rafael (64), Daliah Massah (64), Nir Lobatin (31), Avi Biaz (26), Rahamim Kimche (58), Edna Cohen (61), Yisrael Shikar (45), Yitzhak Bablar (58), Esther Bablar (54), Regina Malka Boslan (62), Nawa Hinawi (51), Danielle Shefi (5), Arik Becker (22), Katrina (Katya) Greenberg (45), Ya'acov Katz (51), Nissan Cohen (57), Yelena Konrav (43), Rivka Fink (75), Zuhila Hushi (47), Lin Chin Mai (34), Chai Zin Chang (32), Avinoam Alafia (26), Tomer Mordechai (19), Aviel Ron (54), Anat Ron (21), Ofer Ron (18), Shimon Koren (55), Ran Koren (18), Gal Koren (15), Adi Shiran (17), Shimon Shiran (57), Suheil Adawi (32), Dov Chernobroda (67), Moshe Levin (52), Danielle Menchel (22), Orly Ofir (16), Ya'akov Shani (53), Daniel Carlos Wegman (50), Carlos Yerushalmi (52), Rachel Charhi (36), Haim Smadar (55), Rachel Levy (17), Tuvia Wisner (79), Michael Orlansky (70), Rachel Gavish (50), David Gavish (50), Avraham Gavish (20), Yitzhak Kanner (83), Shula Abramovitch (63), David Anichovitch (70), Alter Britvich (88), Frieda Britvich (86), Andre Fried (47), Idit Fried (47), Dvora Karim (73), Michael Karim (78), Eliezer Korman (74), Yehudit Korman (70), Sivan Vider (20), Ze'ev Vider (50), Ernest Weiss (80), Anna Yakobovitch (78), George Yakobovitch (76), Avraham Beckerman (25), Shimon Ben-Aroya (42), Miriam Gutenzgan (82), Amiram Hamami (44), Perla Hermele (79), Marianne Myriam Lehmann Zaoui (77), Lola Levkovitch (70), Sarah Levy-Hoffman (89), Furuk Na'imi (62), Eliahu Nakash (85), Chanah Rogan (90), Irit Rashel (45), Clara Rosenberger (77), Yulia Talmi (87), Avi Sabag (24), Esther Kleiman (23), Yitzhak Cohen (48), Tsipi Shemesh (29), Gadi Shemesh (34), Mogus Mahento (65), Bella Schneider (53), Alon Goldenberg (28), Aharon Revivo (19), Shimon Edri (20), Mikhael Altfiro (19), Meir Fahima (40), Noa Auerbach (18), Lynne Livne (49), Lt. German Rojyakov (25), Yehudit Cohen (33), Alexei Kotman (29), Ofer Kanerik (44), Atara Livne (25), Eyal Lieberman (42), Limor Ben-Shoham (27), Nir Rahamim Borochov (22), Danit Dagan(25), Livnat Dvash (28), Tali Eliyahu (26), Uri Felix (25), Dan Imani (23), Natanel Kochavi (31), Baruch Lerner-Naor (28), Orit Ozarov (28), Avraham Haim Rahamim (29), Israel Yihye (27), Avia Malka (9 months), Arik Krogliak (18), Tal Kurtzweil (18), Asher Marcus (18), Eran Picard (18), Ariel Zana (18), Maharatu Tagana (85), Devorah Friedman (45), Salim Barakat (33), Yosef Habi (52), Eli Dahan (53), Sergei Birmov (33), Vadim Balagula (32), Didi Yithak (66), Avraham Nehmad (17), Avi Hazan (37), Lidor Ilan (12), Oriah Ilan (1), Shauli Nehmad (15), Gafnit Nehmad (32), Shiraz Nehmad (7), Shlomo Nehmad (40), Tsofit Yarit Eliahu (23), Ya'akov Avraham Eliahu (under 1), Liran Nehmad (3), Gad Rejwan (34), Aharon Gorov (46), Avraham Fish (65), Valery Ahmir (45), Minhal Dragma (22), Ahuva Amergi (30), Rachel Thaler (16), Keren Shatsky (15), Nehemia 'Amar (15), Moranne Amit (25), Miri Ohana (45), Yael Ohana (11), Pinhas Tokatli (81), Sarah Hamburger (79), Svetlana Sandler (56), Boris Melikhov (56), Aharon Ellis (32), Anatoly Bakshiev (62), Avi Yazdi (24), Edward Bakshayev (48), Dina Binayev (48),Yoela Chen (45), Zion Ohana (45), Yair Amar (13), Esther Avraham (42), Yoel Bienenfeld (35), Moshe Gutman (40), Avraham Nahman Nitzani (17), Yirmiyahu Salem (48), Israel Sternberg (46), David Tzarfati (38), Hananya Tzarfati (32), Ya'akov Tzarfati (64), Prof. Baruch Singer (51), Rasem Safulin (78), Leah Strick (73), Cicilia Kozamin (76), Faina Zabiogailu (64), Mara Fishman (53), Ronen Kahalon (30), Riki Hadad (30), Samion Kalik (64), Mikha'el Zaraisky (71), Yitzhak Ringle (41), Ina Frenkel (60), Tatiana Borovik (23), Yelena Lumkin (62), Mark Khotimliansky (75), Rosaria Reyes (42), Assaf Avitan (15), Michael Moshe Dahan (21), Israel Ya'akov Donino (17), Yosef El-Ezra (18), Nir Haftzadi (19), Yuri Korganov (20), Golan Turgemen (15), Guy Vaknin (19), Adam Weinstein (14), Moshe Yedid-Levy (19), Ido Cohen (17), Samuel Miloshevsky (45), Yehiav Elshad (28), Inbal Weiss (22), Etty Fahima (45), Noam Gozovsky (23), Michal Mor (25), Aharon Ussishkin (50), Hadas Abutbul (39), Shoshana Ben Ishai (16), Menashe (Meni) Regev (14), Ayala Levy (39), Smadar Levy (23), Lydia Marko (63), Sima Menahem (30), Hananya Ben-Avraham (46), Sergei Freidin (20), Haim Ben-Ezra (76), Zvia Pinhas (64), Salit Sheetrit (28), Sarit Amrani (26), Meir Weisshaus (23), Ruth Shua'i (46), Dr. Yigal Goldstein (47), Morrel Derfler (45), Daniel Yifrach (19), Amos Tajouri (60), Oleg Sotnikov (35), Meir Lixenberg (38), Dov Rosman (58), Sharon Ben-Shalom (26), Yaniv Ben-Shalom (27), Doron Sviri (20), Aliza Malka (17), Giora Balash (60), Zvika Golombek (26), Shoshana Yehudit Greenbaum (31), Tehila Moaz (18), Frieda Mendelsohn (62), Michal Raziel (16), Malka Chana Roth (15), Mordechai Schijveschuuder (43), Tzira Schijveschuuder (41), Ra'aya Schijveschuuder (14), Avraham Yitzhak Schijveschuuder (4), Hemda Schijveschuuder (2), Lily Shimashvili (33), Tamara Shimashvili (8), Yocheved Shoshan (10), Yitzhak Snir (51), Tehiya Bloomberg (40, five months pregnant), Ronen Landau (17), Yuri Gushchin (18), David Cohen (28), Yehezkel (Hezi) Mualem (49), Yosef Twito (45), Eliahu Na'aman (32), Yair Har Sinai (51), Aharon Obadyan (41), Ekaterina (Katya) Weintraub (27), Ilya Krivitz (62), Doron Zisserman (38), Dan Yehuda (35), Yehuda Shoham (5 months), Maria Tagiltsiva (14), Raisa Nimrovsky (15), Ana Kazachkova (15), Katherine Kastaniyada-Talkir (15), Irena Nepomnyashchi (16), Mariana Medvedenko (16), Yulia Nelimov (16), Liana Saakyan (16), Marina Berkovizki (17), Simona Rodin (18), Aleksei Lupalu (16), Yelena Nelimov (18), Irena Usdachi (18), Ilya Gutman (19), Roman Dezanshvili (21), Diez Normanov (21), Ori Shahar (32), Yael-Yulia Sklianik (15), Sergei Panchenko (20), Jan Bloom (25), Yevgeniya Dorfman (15), Gilad Zar (41), Sara Blaustein (53), Esther Alvan (20), Asher Iluz (33), Tirza Polonsky (66), Vladislav Sorokin (34), Yulia Tratiakova (21), Miriam Waxman (51), David Yarkoni (53), Idit Mizrahi (20), Yaakov "Koby" Mandell (13), Yosef Ishran (14), Simcha Ron (60), Dr. Mario Goldin (53), Stanislav Sandomirsky (38), Dina Guetta (42), Eliran Rosenberg-Zayat (15), Naftali Lanzkorn (13), Shalhevet Pass (10 months), Naftali Dean (85), Yevgenya Malchin (70), Shlomit Ziv (58), Simcha Shitrit (30), Dr. Shmuel Gillis, Motti Dayan (27), Etgar Zeituny (34), Ofir Rahum (16), Binyamin Ze'ev Kahane (34), Talia Kahane (31), Eliahu Cohen (29), Rina Didovsky (39), Eliyahu Ben-Ami (41), Shoshana Reis (21), Meir Bahrame (35), Itamar Yefet (18), Miriam Amitai (35), Gavriel Biton (34), Gabi Zaghouri (36), Sarah Leisha (42), Noa Dahan (25), Ayelet Shahar Levy (28), Hanan Levy (33), Amos Makhlouf (30), Rabbi Binyamin Herling (64), Bachor Jann (54), Wichlav Zalsevsky (24)
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